"Questão social”, divisão sexual do trabalho e saúde mental na pandemia

O presente trabalho analisa as repercussões do acirramento da "questão social” e da divisão sexual do trabalho na saúde mental das mulheres no contexto de pandemia (Covid-19) no município de Aracati-CE. A pesquisa, com abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa, ancorou-se na teoria social crítica de Marx e foi processada em três etapas: a etapa exploratória, a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa de campo. Esta última, realizada com doze mulheres usuárias do Caps II de Aracati através de entrevista semiestruturada, com suporte do uso de dados indiretos e diretos. Conclui-se que houve a ampliação da produção do sofrimento mental em virtude da agudização da "questão social” e da intensificação da divisão sexual do trabalho no contexto da pandemia.Alternate :This paper analyzes the implications of the intensification of the "social issue” and the sexual division of labor in the mental health of women in the context of a pandemic (COVID-19) in the municipality of Aracati-CE. The research is based on Marx's critical social theory and has a qualitative-quantitative approach comprising three stages: the exploratory stage, bibliographical research and field research. The study was carried out with twelve women through semi-structured interviews and showed that they experience a process of production of mental suffering due to the worsening of the "social issue” and the sexual division of labor in the current pandemic.

Work-family conciliation with and without children, during confinement by COVID-19 in Mexico

Background: As a health policy for COVID-19, the confinement's implementation transformed the home beyond family life into the workplace and school. By having the activities in the same space, the boundaries of the work and family spheres were blurred, generating conflicts to balance them in life. Since the sexual division of labor still prevails, women are the ones who are primarily in charge of unpaid domestic work, and those with rearing children are at greater risk of facing this kind of conflict. In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Aims: In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Method & procedures: The study has a mixed approach. We applied 578 online questionnaires and 50 interviews with Mexican workers. Results & discussion: Amid the accelerated shift to virtual work, the professional and the private roles have blurred. The daily dynamics changed because of how (e.g., where, when, and with what frequency) and who was involved. Manifesting itself in two dimensions: paid work and family life, which involves unpaid work. Paid work on-site ceased to be the norm;only 15.51% of workers were on-site daily. Instead, reduced hours, staggered attendance, and forced breaks without pay or dismissals were implemented, impacting the income of 40.31% of families. For women with children, the risk of unemployment increased three times. Likewise, there was an accelerated transfer to the home office and greater exposure to screens (83.53%). Online work broke into personal life. This new context resulted in the entanglement of duties, grueling work hours, unfavorable institutional policies to reconcile work-family, and hostility from coworkers to parents using the flexible or online work, all of which triggered stress and frustration in workers, mainly fathers/mothers. Unpaid work also increased for parents because institutions and support networks for the care and education of children became unavailable. Conclusion: Without planning it, the COVID-19 confinement triggered a social experiment that allows us to see the difficulty that WFC implies in the abrupt and massive implementation of neoliberal policies. With the withdrawal of a large part of the social support, the individuals and their families received the blows of dismissals or salary reductions. During this period, workers supported education and work at home, besides being responsible for maintaining families' mental and physical health. The workers absorbed the costs of online work;having the necessary devices for home-office and home-schooling, preparing spaces in their homes, paying for internet and electricity, and training themselves to use new technology. The findings show that, during confinement, the intersectionality of being a woman, a mother, and being in conditions of poverty increases the vulnerability to aspire to the WFC. Although the flexibility of working hours and the home office are considered WFC policies, this study has made it clear that neither of them is viable if: 1) Lacks support networks for child care and education;2) Implemented with high control systems, such as increasing verification reports;3) Workers are asked to be "always available" to respond to working duties;4) The sexual division of labor persists, diminishing women's professional development, rest, and health;5) Lack of transversal and gender-sensitive implementation of WFC policies, and when they exist, are authorized according to managers' subjectivity. This study finds that, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the detriment of economic, emotional, physical, and relational have been very high for individuals and their families. The increased workloads originated stress for the workers, which subverted the possibility of reaching the WFC (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Services Development, Technological Innovation, and the Embedded Location of the Agricultural Global Value Chain

This study aimed to examine the impact of services development and technological innovation on the embedded location of the agricultural global value chain (GVC), and the interaction between the two in fifty-seven countries (regions) around the world. This study constructed an econometric model for empirical testing based on theoretical analysis. The results showed that services development and technological innovation contributed to the embedded location of the agricultural GVC, and there was a significant substitution effect between them. A sub-group test for different income levels showed that the influence of services development and technological innovation on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was positive in high-income and upper-middle-income countries (regions), while their influence on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was negative in lower-middle-income countries (regions). A significant substitution effect between services development and technological innovation is always present. Quantile regression results showed that the influence of services development on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was significantly positive at all quantile points, but the significant influence of technological innovation and the interaction between the two on the embedded location of the agricultural GVC was mainly concentrated in the low and middle quantile points. From the perspective of services development and technological innovation, this study applied the analysis framework and research methods of the global value chain to the analysis of the global agricultural value chain, expanded the research scope of the global value chain, and provided a theoretical basis for countries (regions) to further deepen their agricultural global production network and agricultural GVC.

Socioeconomic differences and the gender division of labor during the covid-19 lockdown: Insights from france using a mixed method

The sudden and unanticipated shocks to employment and the almost total retreat into the domestic sphere caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns provide a unique opportunity to explore the resilience of the three classical theoretical paradigms of the gendered division of labor within couples, that is, the time availability theory, the relative resource theory, and the "doing gender" perspective. Accordingly, this article analyzes how socioeconomic differences shaped the gendered division of labor during the first lockdown in France. We use a mixed-methods approach that combines representative quantitative data drawn from the Epidemiology and Living Conditions (EpiCOV) survey of EpiCOV in France during the COVID-19 pandemic and qualitative data from in-depth interviews of French families collected throughout the spring 2020 lockdown. Over the period, the heavy domestic and parental workload and its division between partners were mainly determined by employment status. However, the influence of time availability on the division of labor was mitigated by the doing gender mechanisms, whatever the partners' relative resources. The gender division of housework and childcare persisted, and the tasks performed differed, parenting tasks especially. Even if highly-educated mothers were able to negotiate their partner's investment in domestic and parental work, the division of labor remained unequal. Mothers remained in charge of organizing housework and childcare, and this may have altered their subjective experience of lockdown, especially for those embedded in the most egalitarian configurations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Who Does the Caring? Gender Disparities in COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviors

Do men and women exhibit different attitudes and behaviors toward COVID-19 public health measures? Is there a gender gap in support for and compliance with government recommendations during a public health crisis? While the disproportionate effect of the pandemic on women suggests that they would oppose burdensome quarantine measures, theories of gender differences in prosocial and communion attitudes indicate that women should be more likely to conform with public health measures designed to protect the most vulnerable. We test hypotheses about a gender gap in attitudes toward public health recommendations through an original, nationally representative survey implemented in Peru, one of the countries hit hardest by the coronavirus pandemic, and the construction of a representative matched sample that allows us to make comparisons between women and men. We find that women are more likely than men to endorse lockdown measures and to support the continuation of a nationwide quarantine. We also find evidence of a gender gap in compliance with public health recommendations about avoiding crowded areas and social gatherings. Our findings have important policy implications. The results suggest that public health recommendations to fight COVID-19 should be framed in a way that maximizes compliance by both men and women.

Labor Inclusion with a Gender Perspective in Complex Environments: Firm Steps for the Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the possible correlation between commitment to labor inclusion and actions to promote organizational equity during the economic crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of Latin American countries and their main trading partners. A cluster analysis was conducted to generate blocks of Latin American countries and their main trading partners. Subsequently, a Student's t-test analysis was performed to identify whether there was a significant difference in terms of the labor equity and inclusion variable using data from the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2020, as well as from the Labor Inclusion Index of the United Nations Development Program's Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021. No statistically significant information was found to validate the correlation between the results of the two blocks of countries, although it was possible to identify concrete efforts by some Latin American nations that have allowed them to reposition themselves in terms of equity despite the economic crisis. This contrasted with some trading partners that, despite their economic strength, have not been able to maintain a stable labor market for their citizens. The study yields very significant results that shed light on the post-pandemic reality of the labor market and the inclusion of women in the economic sphere of their countries. This provides a better understanding of how the gendered division of labor and the domestic and care role can be a determining factor for women to drop out, retrain, or reenter the labor market.

Entre la familia y el mercado: pobreza femenina en un programa de asistencia social en Chile

En este texto se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa y documental, que tuvo como propósito indagar acerca de las denominadas problematizaciones sobre la pobreza en un corpus discursivo del programa gubernamental de asistencia Chile Seguridades y Oportunidades. Se trazaron los modos en que la pobreza se construye en cuanto problema de gobierno. Se recolectó y analizó un corpus natural elaborado en el marco de la creación de esta política pública, compuesto por el programa de gobierno, los mensajes presidenciales y las discusiones de senadores y diputados. Los resultados indican que la problematización de la pobreza se construye mediante un discurso en el que se articulan la retórica empresarial y la conservadora;así el problema no radica en el modelo económico, sino en la dependencia que tienen los sujetos del Estado y, en el caso específico de las mujeres, en una crisis de los valores y de la familia. ¿La consecuencia lógica?: la propuesta de un sujeto emprendedor habilitado por el Estado para habitar las "fuerzas de la libertad" empresarial, a través de una serie de técnicas individualizantes como el emprendimiento. Se concluye que la producción de una tecnología de gobierno basada en el cruce de un férreo neoliberalismo y un nuevo conservadurismo social reproduce la clásica división sexual del trabajo en un esquema empresarial.Alternate :This study presents the results of qualitative and documentary research that aimed to explore the so-called problematization of poverty in the discursive corpus of the Chilean government welfare program Seguridades y Oportunidades. Modes in which poverty is constituted as a problem of governance were traced. A corpus that was elaborated by the government in the frame of the creation of this public policy was collected and analyzed, including presidential messages and debates among senators and deputies. The results indicate that the problematization of poverty is constituted through a discourse in which business rhetoric and conservative rhetoric articulate;thus, the problem is not rooted in the economic model but rather in the dependence of subjects on the state and, in the specific case of women, in the crisis of values and the family. What is the logical consequence? The proposal for an entrepreneurial subject enabled by the state to inhabit the entrepreneurial "forces of liberty" through a series of individualizing techniques like entrepreneurialism. It is concluded that the production of a government technology based on the cross of a fierce neoliberalism and a new social conservatism reproduces the classic sexual division of labor within an entrepreneurial scheme.

Couples' division of household responsibilities during COVID-19, perceptions of fairness, and relationship functioning

As couples adapted to the stressful, pandemic-induced disruptions to daily life (e.g., closures of schools, working from home), many couples experienced changes to established divisions of paid and household labor. The present study investigates whether contributions to household responsibilities and perceptions of fairness in divisions of labor are associated with couple relationship satisfaction and disagreements. Gender, number of children in a family, and financial stress during the pandemic are included as moderators. Four hundred seventy-nine participants (52.8% women;ages 19-72, Mage = 34.54) in the United States completed an online survey as part of a larger study on couples coping with COVID-19. Linear mixed models showed that women, compared to men, reported doing more household responsibilities, with a widening gender gap based on the presence and number of children, and reported lower fairness. For women, the association between responsibilities and relationship disagreements increased with greater financial stress. Fairness was related to positive relationship outcomes;however, number of children moderated the strength of this association in different directions for women and men. Financial stress also increased the association between fairness and relationship functioning. Results underscore the importance of how couples manage their everyday household responsibilities and, especially, how their perceptions of fairness affect relationship outcomes. The extent to which these findings generalize beyond the pandemic to family life more generally remains to be determined, but the results suggest that the division of responsibilities and fairness, particularly during times of stress and upheaval, are putatively important and protective relationship elements. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Approximately 1 year into the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived fairness in the division of household responsibilities had a protective role for couple relationship functioning, particularly for women, couples with children, and couples experiencing financial stress. Although it is yet unknown whether these results extend to other time periods, working toward a division of responsibilities perceived as fair can be a meaningful goal for couple and family therapists, and for couples themselves. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Work-family conciliation with and without children, during confinement by COVID-19 in Mexico

Background: As a health policy for COVID-19, the confinement's implementation transformed the home beyond family life into the workplace and school. By having the activities in the same space, the boundaries of the work and family spheres were blurred, generating conflicts to balance them in life. Since the sexual division of labor still prevails, women are the ones who are primarily in charge of unpaid domestic work, and those with rearing children are at greater risk of facing this kind of conflict. In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Aims: In this context, we analyze the work-family conciliation (WFC) based on gender and whether having children. Method & procedures: The study has a mixed approach. We applied 578 online questionnaires and 50 interviews with Mexican workers. Results & discussion: Amid the accelerated shift to virtual work, the professional and the private roles have blurred. The daily dynamics changed because of how (e.g., where, when, and with what frequency) and who was involved. Manifesting itself in two dimensions: paid work and family life, which involves unpaid work. Paid work on-site ceased to be the norm;only 15.51% of workers were on-site daily. Instead, reduced hours, staggered attendance, and forced breaks without pay or dismissals were implemented, impacting the income of 40.31% of families. For women with children, the risk of unemployment increased three times. Likewise, there was an accelerated transfer to the home office and greater exposure to screens (83.53%). Online work broke into personal life. This new context resulted in the entanglement of duties, grueling work hours, unfavorable institutional policies to reconcile work-family, and hostility from coworkers to parents using the flexible or online work, all of which triggered stress and frustration in workers, mainly fathers/mothers. Unpaid work also increased for parents because institutions and support networks for the care and education of children became unavailable. Conclusion: Without planning it, the COVID-19 confinement triggered a social experiment that allows us to see the difficulty that WFC implies in the abrupt and massive implementation of neoliberal policies. With the withdrawal of a large part of the social support, the individuals and their families received the blows of dismissals or salary reductions. During this period, workers supported education and work at home, besides being responsible for maintaining families' mental and physical health. The workers absorbed the costs of online work;having the necessary devices for home-office and home-schooling, preparing spaces in their homes, paying for internet and electricity, and training themselves to use new technology. The findings show that, during confinement, the intersectionality of being a woman, a mother, and being in conditions of poverty increases the vulnerability to aspire to the WFC. Although the flexibility of working hours and the home office are considered WFC policies, this study has made it clear that neither of them is viable if: 1) Lacks support networks for child care and education;2) Implemented with high control systems, such as increasing verification reports;3) Workers are asked to be "always available" to respond to working duties;4) The sexual division of labor persists, diminishing women's professional development, rest, and health;5) Lack of transversal and gender-sensitive implementation of WFC policies, and when they exist, are authorized according to managers' subjectivity. This study finds that, during the COVID-19 lockdown, the detriment of economic, emotional, physical, and relational have been very high for individuals and their families. The increased workloads originated stress for the workers, which subverted the possibility of reaching the WFC (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Childcare, Work, and Household Labor During a Pandemic: Evidence on Parents’ Preferences in the United States

By exacerbating a pre-existing crisis of childcare in the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic forced many parents to renegotiate household arrangements. What shapes parents' preferences over different arrangements? In an online conjoint experiment, we assess how childcare availability, work status and earnings, and the intra-household division of labor shape heterosexual American parents' preferences over different situations. We find that while mothers and fathers equally value outside options for childcare, the lack of such options - a significant feature of the pandemic - does not significantly change their evaluations of other features of household arrangements. Parents' preferences over employment, earnings, and how to divide up household labor exhibit gendered patterns, which persist regardless of childcare availability. By illustrating the micro-foundations of household decision-making under constraints, our findings help to make sense of women's retrenchment from the labor market during the pandemic: a pattern which may have long-term economic and political consequences.

Die Zeitenwende erreicht den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt

The COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war mark a turning point for the German labour market. These crises accelerate transformative forces that have been at work for some time, such as digitalisation and decarbonisation, and are likely to permanently change the international division of labour and mobility. The shortage of skilled workers, which already hampered development ahead of the crisis, has now grown into a broader labour shortage and has also reached the low-wage sector. This article outlines how labour shortages could be countered by concerted action from the supply and demand sides. It shows that coping with the changes in the German labour market requires more efforts from policymakers, firms and the labour force.

Autarkie und Offenheit — Überlegungen zur optimalen Balance einer offenen Volkswirtschaft

ZusammenfassungNach einem Globalisierungsschub im Zuge des Falls des Eisernen Vorhangs und von Chinas Beitritt zur WTO wurde die internationale Arbeitsteilung in den vergangenen Jahren stärker von protektionistischen Tendenzen geprägt. Die Unterbrechungen der grenzüberschreitenden Lieferkettenbeziehungen während der Coronapandemie und des Ukrainekriegs stärken zudem den Wunsch nach einer Reduzierung der Export- und insbesondere der Importabhängigkeit. Es ist zu diskutieren, wie man theoretisch zum optimalen Offenheitsgrad einer Volkswirtschaft gelangt und damit auch ein ideales Ausmaß der ökonomischen Autarkie bestimmt.Alternate :Following a surge in globalisation in the wake of the fall of the Iron Curtain and China joining the WTO, the international division of labour has been increasingly characterised by protectionist tendencies in recent years. Negative labour market effects for individual sectors as well as the disruptions of cross-border supply chain relations during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war have strengthened the desire in parts of the population to reduce export- and, even more so, import-dependency. This article discusses some basic theoretical considerations on the optimal degree of openness of an economy — and thus also on the ideal degree of economic autarky.

Paternal involvement and care during the social health crisis

Although men are increasingly willing to participate in the care of their children, women are still mainly responsible for them, despite having been in the labor market for decades. The experience of quarantine, a preventive health measure against the contagion of COVID-19, left families confined to their homes and made the issue of care visible globally. The following study sought to identify the impact of the crisis produced by the social outbreak in Chile and the COVID-19 pandemic on the distribution of unpaid work and parental involvement. Through a cross-sectional, qualitative exploratory design, five upper-middle-class heterosexual couples were interviewed during the first year of their first baby's life. The results show that, although couples continue to view the woman as the main caregiver and the man as the provider, confinement has enabled greater parental involvement, which has been positively signified by both members of the couple. More research is still needed on the unequal and sexist distribution of care and the evolution of paternal involvement after a pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Spanish) Si bien los hombres estan cada vez mas dispuestos a participar en los cuidados de sus hijas e hijos, mayoritariamente son las mujeres las principales responsables de estos. La vivencia de la cuarentena, medida sanitaria de prevencion del COVID-19, dejo a las familias confinadas en sus hogares y visibilizo el tema de los cuidados globalmente. El siguiente estudio busco identificar el impacto de la crisis producida por el estallido social en Chile y la pandemia del COVID-19 en la distribucion del trabajo no remunerado y el involucramiento paterno. Desde un diseno exploratorio de caracter cualitativo y corte transversal se entrevisto a cinco parejas heterosexuales durante el primer ano de vida de su bebe. Los resultados evidencian que, si bien las parejas visualizan a la mujer como la cuidadora principal y al hombre como proveedor, el confinamiento ha posibilitado un mayor involucramiento paterno, lo que ha sido significado de forma positiva por ambos miembros de la pareja. Aun se hace necesario investigar mas acerca de la distribucion inequitativa y sexista de los cuidados y la evolucion del involucramiento paterno. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Feeling Appreciated Buffers Against the Negative Effects of Unequal Division of Household Labor on Relationship Satisfaction.

Decades of research from across the globe highlight unequal and unfair division of household labor as a key factor that leads to relationship distress and demise. But does it have to? Testing a priori predictions across three samples of individuals cohabiting with a romantic partner during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 2,193, including 476 couples), we found an important exception to this rule. People who reported doing more of the household labor and who perceived the division as more unfair were less satisfied across the early weeks and ensuing months of the pandemic, but these negative effects disappeared when people felt appreciated by their partners. Feeling appreciated also appeared to buffer against the negative effects of doing less, suggesting that feeling appreciated may offset the relational costs of unequal division of labor, regardless of who contributes more. These findings generalized across gender, employment status, age, socioeconomic status, and relationship length.

Attitudes about gender and the care for small children before and after the first lockdown in the Netherlands

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major changes in the division of paid and unpaid work in many Dutch households. Before the pandemic, work-care patterns were relatively traditional in the majority of families in the Netherlands, with women performing more unpaid tasks and men more paid work. These patterns were disrupted during the lockdown by the obligation to work from home and formal and informal childcare being unavailable. This meant that fathers were much more exposed to care and household tasks than before the pandemic. This effect was potentially reinforced by the fact that many ‘essential workers’ in education and healthcare were female, leaving their male partner to take over (extra) care tasks at home. But did these changes in the division of tasks also affect normative attitudes about gender and care? In this study we aim to answer this question using longitudinal data collected among 300 respondents in the Netherlands before (early 2019/2020) and after (July 2020) the first lockdown. We expect that attitudes about men’s caring capabilities have become more positive in partnered men and women if the male partner was working from home. The empirical results show that attitudes about gender roles regarding child rearing have become more traditional after the lockdown and this is particularly the case for men who worked from home while their partner continued to work outside the home. © 2021 Amsterdam University Press. All rights reserved.

Strategy for the Development of the Russian Economy in Modern Conditions of Global Turbulence

Purpose: Currently, the Russian economy is subject to increased turbulence processes on a global scale (“the economy of sanctions,” import substitution, development and spread of coronavirus infection, etc.). According to the results of 2019–2020, the share in international trade of Germany, Italy, Belgium and Russia is declining. The decline in indicators for the Russian economy is due to such strategic factors as follows: “Dutch disease,” the dependence of the Russian economy on the US dollar (the predominance of the dollar and dollar-denominated assets in settlements for the main export product);lack of opportunities to scale the market for sales of competitive domestic products by using the potential of foreign markets. At the same time, access to international markets is associated with the dynamics of foreign investment in Russia. The main investors in the Russian economy are countries that are not associated with national production and do not occupy leading positions in the international division of labor. Therefore, the issue of integrating the Russian economy into the newly formed value chains of high-tech industries becomes relevant. Findings: The authors concluded that import substitution and the orientation of the producer to national development potential should be considered as strategic guidelines for the development of the domestic economy in turbulence, diversification of geo-economics ties with an increase in the share of China and other growing economies, as well as improving the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Mothers' Domestic Responsibilities and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Moderating Role of Gender Essentialist Beliefs About Parenthood.

The present work investigates how the increased domestic responsibilities created by the Spring 2020 lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway and gender ideologies relate to the well-being of mothers with elementary school children. In June 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online study including current and retrospective measures with 180 mothers (M age = 39.96 years, SD = 6.11) of elementary school children across Norway. First, in line with earlier research on the strain of the pandemic on parents, and especially mothers, we found that Norwegian mothers' well-being during the lockdown significantly declined compared to before the lockdown (both measured retrospectively). Furthermore, mothers' well-being after the Spring 2020 lockdown did not immediately return to pre-lockdown levels. Finally, we predicted that gender ideologies (i.e., essentialist beliefs about parenthood) would exacerbate the negative impact of increased domestic responsibilities (i.e., childcare and housework) on mothers' well-being (i.e., higher standard-higher stress hypothesis). As predicted, for mothers who more strongly endorsed the belief that mothers are instinctively and innately better caretakers than fathers, perceptions of increased domestic responsibilities were associated with lower well-being post-lockdown. These findings point to the specific challenges mothers face in times of crisis, and the importance of addressing and confronting seemingly benevolent ideologies about motherhood that place additional burdens on women.

The gendered consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown on unpaid work in Swiss dual earner couples with children.

This article assesses the gendered impact of COVID-19 measures on changes in time that Swiss dual earner couples spent on unpaid work during the pandemic, focusing on families with children. Overcoming some of the methodological shortcomings of previous studies, high-quality representative panel data allow us to examine the change in time invested in housework and childcare before and during the pandemic, and test theoretical assumptions as to the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. Gender inequalities are explained by the couple's work division prior to, and at the onset of, the pandemic and interpreted in the light of key theoretical approaches (economics of the family, bargaining and time availability, doing gender). Our results imply that in particular changes in the time availability of the partner are relevant for changes in time spent on housework, while in case of care work, the own time availability matters more. Moreover, we also found that the respondents' economic bargaining power within the couple matters both for housework and care work. Finally, the implemented COVID-19 measures neither led to an increase in patriarchal power structures nor did they foster an increase in equality for unpaid work among women and men. Instead, the results show that changes in time availability due to short-time, remote or overtime working schemes determined changes in time spent on unpaid care to a larger extent than gender alone.

Working, caring, surviving: The gender dynamics of remote work in Brazil under COVID-19

Drawing from a questionnaire answered by 455 people during social distancing in Brazil, the chapter analyzes how individuals who worked remotely and those who did not cope with the increase in domestic and care work and how this extra work was divided in gender terms. The questionnaire indicates that the pandemic increased both domestic and care activities, with the former being more frequent for women and those under remote work. In general, this was not accompanied by a better division of these activities across sexes as women remained mainly responsible for them. Nevertheless, some improvements in the division of the domestic work were observed amongst those under remote work. However, when such a rebalance does not occur, remote work tends to be associated with an increase in women's overburdening. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Opvattingen over gender en het opvoeden van kleine kinderen voor en na de eerste lockdown in Nederland

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to major changes in the division of paid and unpaid work in many Dutch households. Before the pandemic, work-care patterns were relatively traditional in the majority of families in the Netherlands, with women performing more unpaid tasks and men more paid work. These patterns were disrupted during the lockdown by the obligation to work from home and formal and informal childcare being unavailable. This meant that fathers were much more exposed to care and household tasks than before the pandemic. This effect was potentially reinforced by the fact that many ‘essential workers’ in education and healthcare were female, leaving their male partner to take over (extra) care tasks at home. But did these changes in the division of tasks also affect normative attitudes about gender and care? In this study we aim to answer this question using longitudinal data collected among 300 respondents in the Netherlands before (early 2019/2020) and after (July 2020) the first lockdown. We expect that attitudes about men’s caring capabilities have become more positive in partnered men and women if the male partner was working from home. The empirical results show that attitudes about gender roles regarding child rearing have become more traditional after the lockdown and this is particularly the case for men who worked from home while their partner continued to work outside the home.